Native Americans and Colonization Essay

Native Americans had inherited the land now called America and eventually their lives were destroyed due to European Colonization. When the Europeans arrived and settled, they changed the Native American way of life for the worst. These changes were caused by a number of factors including disease, loss of land, attempts to export religion, and laws, which violated Native American culture. Native Americans never came in contact with diseases that developed in the Old World because they were separated from Asia, Africa, and Europe when ocean levels rose following the end of the last Ice Age. Diseases like smallpox, measles, pneumonia, influenza, and malaria were unknown to the Native Americans until the Europeans brought these diseases over time to them. This triggered the largest population decline in all recorded history. Fifty percent of the Native American population had died of disease within twenty years. Soon after, Native Americans began to question their religion and doubted the ability of shaman to heal. This was the first step towards the destruction of Native cultures. The Native Americans had never experienced anything like these deadly diseases before and they came to believe that Europeans had the power to kill or give life. Many Native groups, because they were nomadic, didn’t see land as belonging to one person. The idea that someone could come in, claim a piece of land and ban them from it, caused many problems. They could no longer hunt or forage for food in places they had always done so. Fights over territories began to break out and groups who always had plenty of food, now barely had enough. Many Christian missionaries tried to force Native American people to abandon traditional religious beliefs and practices (Mayo, 33). Christian missionaries would sometimes launch attacks on Native American religious institutions when forcing them to convert to Christianity did not work. These harmful attacks destroyed not only their temples and religious artifacts, but also a huge part of their culture. Laws were introduced that protected the land and property the colonists had acquired, banned most of their religious ceremonies, and forced the children into the European educational system. The Europeans wanted to deny the Native Americans of their cultural identity, which eventually would end up wiping them out. Native Americans were deeply effected by colonization. It was extremely unfair of the Europeans to destroy Native American way of life. If the Native Americans had the weapons, like guns and disease, that the Europeans did, then maybe they could have fought for what was theirs. Europeans came to America and changed the Native Americans lives forever. This contact between the Native Americans and Europeans was called the Columbian Exchange. While both Native Americans and Europeans received advantages and disadvantages from the Columbian Exchange, Native Americans definitely suffered more while the Europeans were benefited more. It is not right that the Native Americans lived on American land all their lives and had the land as well as their culture taken away from them in a matter of only a few years. Mayo, Louise A. American Dreams and Reality: A Retelling of the American Story, Volume 1 Second Edition. Illinois: Abigail Press, 2000.

Piazza San Marco and the Architecture of Romance in Summertime Essay

The city of Venice and its monuments function, on the surface, as the framework and backdrop for the storyline in David Lean’s 1955 film, Summertime. The action itself advances as a video travelogue, immediately impressing us with the fundamental role the sea plays for this water community when â€Å"the bus† turns out to be a water taxi and a fire engine a boat. The camera brings us along the Grand Canal, awing us with â€Å"celluloid paintings† of such magnificent examples of lofty Venetian design and decoration as Longhena’s 17th-century Church of Santa Maria della Salute, Palladio’s 16th-century Church of San Giorgio Maggiore, and Antonio da Ponte’s late 16th-century Rialto Bridge in rapid succession. Abruptly, we are returned to the realities of ordinary Venetian life. Passing on foot down centuries-old streets to yet another waterway, we witness a Venetian tossing her household garbage unceremoniously into the canal to be carried away by the tides that perpetually cleanse the city, underscoring again the watery foundation that sustains life in Venice. Yet, Venice is more than a simple frame from which the storyline of the film is hung. Venice defines this love story, enabling the protagonists to escape the constraints of their disparate worlds to a magic place imbued with all the mystery and romance of her eclectic past. Venice is the sum total of ideas and design acquired from its primitive beginnings, through its period under Byzantine rule, its lucrative mercantile contact with the West and East, and its proximity to Rome, as evidenced in the many monumental churches, statues, columns, scuole, libraries, and palaces that were created by the most prominent architects and artists of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. As Spiro Kostof says in The City Shaped (1999), â€Å"The city is the ultimate memorial of our struggles and glories: it is where the pride of the past is set on display. † In the film, as in Venice itself, Piazza San Marco figures prominently. Often, the Piazza is more than a mere backdrop, at times it seems to become a character of its own right. One of the most prominent structures of the Piazza is the Campanile. Originally constructed in the 10th century, the tall brick Campanile with its bronze pyramidal spire seen in the Summertime is actually a 1912 reconstruction of the original as it looked when it collapsed in the early part of the 20th century (Kostof, 1995). Early on, as Jane wonders what she will do alone in Venice, the bells of the Campanile ring out, seeming to call to her, beckoning her to Piazza San Marco and her fateful encounter with Renato. In their last meeting, just as Jane utters the sentence â€Å"I don’t want to forget†¦a single moment† the Campanile begins to chime once more. Summertime is very much about the meeting of two very different cultures, and this theme is reflected in much of the architecture featured in the film. The most famous of all Piazza structures, St. Mark’s Basilica is an outstand example the marriage between the Oriental or Byzantine and Gothic building styles. The elaborate mosaics highlighted in the still travelogue shots, the basilica plan, and the five domes that crown the Basilica are clear manifestations of the Byzantine. The arches of the facade, rounded on the underside with pointed rooflines are an excellent example of the interweaving of the Byzantine love for domes and the pointed Gothic arch. Whereas the sculptural detail, rose windows, and trefoil arches present in the Basilica are part of the building’s Gothic heritage. Such Gothic elements also figure prominently in Doges Palace and the Sansovino Library. Finally, St. Marks’ Basilica, Doges Palace and the Sansovino Library all give nods to the classical orders in terms or proportions, but whereas the Basilica boasts obviously Byzantine capitals, Doges’ are a more convex Byzantine Corinthian hybrid, and the Library capitals are Ionic and Corinthian. The beautiful coexistence of two different traditions so expertly managed in Piazza San Marco allows for the viewer and the lovers themselves to imagine, at least momentarily, that despite the obvious problems (she being only a tourist and he being married), a fairytale-like union might be possible for them as well. Venice has been referred to by contemporaries as â€Å"a theme park on water. † In the film Summertime, the integration of the characteristics derived from Byzantine, Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque styles combine to produce a whimsical wonderland within which fantasies can be lived. To highlight this, the camera returns repeatedly to Mauro Coducci’s 15th century clock tower in Piazza San Marco focusing on its playful mechanical Moor figures, bright blue and gold of the Lion of St. Mark to add a truly whimsical and theme-park-like air to the Piazza. This sense of fun and freedom further adds to the romance of the couples’ time together by establishing it as a separate and safe â€Å"play† space, setting it apart from Jane’s Ohio reality. Both spatially and chronologically, Piazza San Marcos literally frames the romance between Jane (Katharine Hepburn) and Renato (Rossano Brazzi) as they meet in the Piazza and ultimately their last encounter begins there. Significantly, Jane makes Renato take her outside the Piazza to tell him she is leaving. The film goes to great lengths to establish Venice as a fairytale setting, and when Jane explains her reasons for departing so abruptly they echo this notion. Jane says she fears staying to long and ruining the perfect memory they have created. Essentially, though her fear is of the dream fading into reality. Thus, it is understandable that Renato begs her to stay—for him there is no difference because Venice is his reality. And having exited Piazza San Marcos for the final time, the spell is broken, at least enough that, like Wendy, she leaves her Peter Pan in his permanent dream and decides to depart the fairytale land and return to reality, maintaining Venice as a flawless Neverland that lives in her memory. However, unlike Wendy, she had a camera and can look back at her film of the buildings and remember her brief stint in the fairytale land of coexistence. References Kostof, S. (1995). A History of Architecture: Settings and Rituals. New York: Oxford. Kostof, S. (1995). The City Shaped. London: Thames & Hudson. Lopert, I. (Producer), & Lane, D. (Director). (1955). Summertime [Motion picture]. USA: Lopert Films.

A Fairy Tale Christmas Essay

Once upon a time there was a very handsome boy. He was going on vacation with his family. The boy was called Sebastian. He was going to celebrate Christmas in Austria with his mom and dad, his grandmother, and his older brother and his older brothers wife and two kids. They were all very exited about it. They had been renting a big cabin 800m up, on a mountain. It was a skiing vacation, so the villa was in the middle of a big slope. The whole family was having a good time. They celebrated Christmas and ate some delicious food. But on the third day, something terrible happened. Sebastian and his big brother was skiing in an area were they hadn’t been skiing before. It was very exiting. The two guys knew about the famous and very dangerous tree-monster. Sebastian had heard some stories about the tree-monster. It was supposed to live in the area where they were skiing. But Sebastian didn’t care. He was very good at skiing and he was skiing very fast sometimes. He was fearless. Sebastian loved to ski off-piste. But Sebastian forgot that there is a lot of trees off-piste. And suddenly, when he was skiing very fast, something grabbed his leg. It was the dangerous tree-monster who had caught him. It tore his ski and helmet off. Luckily his big brother had heard him scream. So he was now running toward the tree-monster with a big axe. He chopped up the big tree-monster into many pieces. Sebastian was saved. The two guys skied back to the cabin where the family was waiting. They were very surprised to see that Sebastian had lost his helmet and skies. But when they heard was had happened. And they were very relieved that the two guys did not hurt themselves. So the family celebrated in seven days and seven nights. And they lived happy ever after†¦

FIVE A DAY CAMPAIGN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

FIVE A DAY CAMPAIGN - Essay Example 174). Improper nutrition owing to bad eating habits also leads to health problems and illness (Kum 2.1). Moreover, lack of exercises and untimely eating habits can also contribute serious illness and health problems. It has been proved by scientific studies that lack of exercise is the root cause for all chronic diseases (Radley 1993, p.125). Apart from the individual attention to health and illness, government in all countries also does take care of the health of its populace. A large amount of money is allocated every year for health care and preservation by government in all countries as a primary commitment. In the United Kingdom, a series of reforms have been introduced in the middle of 1980s that emphasized the importance of management in the National Health Service (NHS) and reiterated the power of professional managers and prior studies have found that health care system in the country is relatively strong (Jost 2003p.220). The Department of Health and NHS have a challenging role creating and preserving a balanced health care system in the country. They have been successful in their efforts to improve the health of the population by innovative methods and reforms in the health care system. One of such initiative is the introduction of five a day (5-A- Day) campaign in the country to support and encourage the populace to have a healthy life and enjoyment. The program initiates the people to take at least 5 portions of vegetables or fruits a day per person to maintain health and lead a happy life. At this juncture, a research study is undertaken to explore the role of the campaign in the health care system of the country. Basically, the study aims at describing the system and its popularity among the people in the country. The study also undertakes to throw lights on the impact of the campaign to reduce diseases such as cancer and stroke. The researcher takes a survey approach for exploring these aspects by approaching focused group who are involved in th e campaign in one way or the other. Objectives of the Study The main objective of the study to the role of five a day campaign in the health care system in the United Kingdom and study the impact of the system on the health of its populace. Specifically, the study aims at the following objectives: 1. To describe the role of Five A Day Campaign in the health care system in the UK 2. To understand the popularity of the system 3. To explore how effective the system is to achieve reduction in diseases 4. To help in further research in the area Research Methodology Every research study has a unique way of exploring a solution to its problem. This distinct steps or way of doing a particular research is known as research methodology. Research methodology for a study is unique and takes a fresh approach. However, the approach and methodology of past studies done in the similar field may be taken as a basis. The present study is qualitative in nature as it deals with only non-economic/financial data for the purpose of analysis and interpretation. This study is basically a survey research, which collects both primary and secondary data. However, primary data constitute the main source of data by which majority of the analysis has been done. The data collected are edited and coded to ensure

Personal Selling and Customer Focus Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Selling and Customer Focus - Personal Statement Example In order for Studio Productions to improve the company’s well-being, it, therefore, needs to implement a customer service system that is first and foremost, customer focused. The goal of customer service is to â€Å"attract and keep customers who are satisfied, loyal and speak well of the company, but perhaps most importantly, to keep profitable customers† (Gustafsson, Ekdahl and Edvardsson 344). Hence, a customer service system must always ensure client satisfaction, and if possible, exceed client needs. Second, it must also be effective in achieving the company’s goals. While a satisfied client-base is in itself an advantageous end, for Studio Productions to benefit from service developments, the system it adopts must go beyond the minimums of customer satisfaction and reap additional benefits for the company. From a service perspective, these should include improved cross-sell and up-sell rates, higher problem resolution, and higher customer satisfaction and r e-purchase (Carlson Marketing Group 8). It should also improve sales through higher lead-to-close ratios, increased margins, and repeat business (8). Third, given the drastic changes occurring in today’s business environment, a customer service system must also be flexible in its ability to embrace change and adapt accordingly. And finally, a good customer service system must also be cost-effective, such that it must provide saving efficiencies and revenue enhancements for the company, improving the bottom-line.  In order for Studio Productions to improve the company’s well-being, it, therefore, needs to implement a customer service system that is first and foremost, customer focused. The goal of customer service is to â€Å"attract and keep customers who are satisfied, loyal and speak well of the company, but perhaps most importantly, to keep profitable customers† (Gustafsson, Ekdahl and Edvardsson 344). Hence, a customer service system must always ensure cli ent satisfaction, and if possible, exceed client needs. Second, it must also be effective in achieving the company’s goals. While a satisfied client-base is in itself an advantageous end, for Studio Productions to benefit from service developments, the system it adopts must go beyond the minimums of customer satisfaction and reap additional benefits for the company. From a service perspective, these should include improved cross-sell and up-sell rates, higher problem resolution, and higher customer satisfaction and re-purchase (Carlson Marketing Group 8). It should also improve sales through higher lead-to-close ratios, increased margins, and repeat business (8). Third, given the drastic changes occurring in today’s business environment, a customer service system must also be flexible in its ability to embrace change and adapt accordingly. And finally, a good customer service system must also be cost-effective, such that it must provide saving efficiencies and revenue enhancements for the company, improving the bottom-line.   For a customer service system to work, however, Studio Productions must conduct improvements in both internal and external customer service structures to improve client satisfaction and loyalty. Internally, this requires developing a â€Å"service culture† among all employees with a well-defined set of corporate values, a strong commitment to quality improvement, the ability to accept change, a strong sense of teamwork, and a clear understanding of their roles in improving customer relationships.

How Can Motivation Reduce Employee Turnover in the Banking Sector Dissertation

How Can Motivation Reduce Employee Turnover in the Banking Sector - Dissertation Example For this purpose, the researcher identified the importance of motivation by analysing past literature and available information. This helped in understanding the fact that motivation often impacts in a positive way leading to better understanding and performances of employees. The researcher also conducted primary and secondary research that further helped in understanding the role and importance of motivation in controlling and managing employee turnover. The secondary research is based on the understanding of motivation theories that include reinforcement theory and its advantages and disadvantages in motivating employees, incentive theory and its impact in improving the performance and satisfaction level of employees, equity theory and its impact in enhancing the satisfaction, trust and loyalty level, goals setting theory and its impact in offering direction to employees along with guiding and motivating them and need hierarch theory based on understanding and fulfilling the needs and demands of employees in an effective and expected way. The researcher also conducted primary research that helped in collecting views and responses of five human resource managers through structured interviews. The analysis of primary and secondary research offered relevant findings revealing the fact that motivation helps in enhancing skills and performances of employees if used in a positive and honest manner. However, there was no information and confirmation on the direct relationship of motivation and employee turnover. Overall, it was assumed that motivation is just a tool in enhancing the skills and performance of employees that may reduce employee turnover to an extent depending on the strategies and actions implemented by... The intention of this study is motivation as a term that refers to a process that controls and manages human behaviour in a positive way. Motivation can be defined as a series of phenomenon affecting human behaviour based on psychological, cognitive and social factors. Motivation helps in creating positive energy and feeling that in turn helps in enhancing the overall mood and behaviour of individuals. In organsiations, employees need to be motivates at every stage in order to achieve the organsiational goals and objectives. Motivation has been defined under certain concepts that need to be mentioned and examined in terms of reducing employee turnover within organisations. Initially, the researcher believes that basic concepts of motivation like intrinsic and extrinsic need to be discussed and later other concepts like push and pull and self control will be discussed in detail. Intrinsic motivation refers to the motivation that is developed deep within by individuals. When individual s start taking interest in certain tasks along with enjoying them; they are automatically motivated. Intrinsic motivation does not require any push or strategy and is often felt by individuals. Intrinsic motivation is all about deriving pleasure from activities that help individuals to grow and develop rather than depending on extrinsic factors like rewards and strategies. It is all about engaging individuals in tasks that they enjoy rather than offering tasks that do not appeal much to them. In the context of the banking sector, there are a number of tasks and activities that need to be executed and managed by employees.

Americas Film and Video Culture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Americas Film and Video Culture - Assignment Example Most people in the greatest generation were born during the time of the American silent feature film that lasted until 1929. During the period, the filmmakers in the country established the language of motion pictures as well as cinema that arrived at the height of artistic sophistication. Many full films were developed during the period. The 1930s, for example, was a period of economic problems and political turmoil. The events affected the films in one way or the other. The 1929 to 1946 period was referred to as the golden age of Hollywood even most of the film produced was black and white. The period was also the decade of color and sound revolution, the advance of the talkies as well as the further creation of film genres (Etkind, 94). Some of the films developed include the gangster films, newspaper reporting films, musicals, the historical biopic, social realism films, western and horror films and lighthearted screwball comedies. The silent period ended during this era with many film stars failing to make a transition to sound. In 1933, for example, the impact of depression was being felt strongly especially and resulted in a decreased attendance in Movie Theater. Some of the films of the time included the Hell’s Angel, Anna Christie and the stagecoach of that was released in 1931. A high number of the early talkies were active at the box office though most of them were of poor quality. The films were dialog dominated, with stilted acting and an unmoving microphone and unmoving camera. Screenwriters in most of the films were required to place emphasis on the script characters and the writers of the title cards became unemployed. Nonetheless, videos and films of this period were produced with style, wit, el egance, and skills that have never been equaled (Etkind, 95). Film production continued to improve between the years 1929 to 1946.

Bibliography Annotated Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Annotated Bibliography Example Individuals who were forced to be admitted and who had a pacemaker were not made part of the sample size. When the patients were first admitted to the healthcare center, they experienced higher level of dehydration. Different physiological factors were considered while identifying hydration levels including: systolic blood pressure levels and dryness of the tongue. The study was descriptive in nature and for a descriptive study a sample size of 15 is enough, while the study employed 43 individuals and this means that the sample size was enough. The statistical power of 95% has been mentioned that means that the sample size is adequate for the study. The study was well designed as it followed all the requirements of a descriptive study such as the requirement of the minimum sample size. The study even contained various factors that were related to the purpose of the study. The relevant outcomes of the prevalence as well as the measures and factors of measuring dehydration were clearly mentioned. These outcomes were relevant to the purpose of the study and that is why they were reported. The study included only patients who aged over 60 which is mostly the benchmark age of older adults in most of the nations. This means that the findings of the study can be generalized in people belonging to other nations and this why the eligibility criteria was appropriate. The older adults were experiencing higher levels of dehydration as compared to the dehydration levels assessed by the hospital. This study helped in identifying parameters that are being considered globally to assess the level of dehydration. The study has provided some new measures of identifying the levels of dehydration among older adults and these measures can be utilized in clinical settings to perform the same analysis. This can help in better care of the patient as nurses should know whether their patients are taking appropriate amount of fluid

Age Discrimination in a site based Workplace Literature review

Age Discrimination in a site based Workplace - Literature review Example nal Statistics (2008), there is an increasing trend in the number of workers aged above 50 years in the construction industry, and this number is likely to account for 30% of the total working population in this industry by the year 2020. Maurer & Rafuse (2001) observe that age has had a significant impact on the chances of people aged more than 55 years seeking employment in the UK. Most of the construction companies presume that younger and energetic people have a greater capacity to accomplish tasks and bring in new knowledge in the industry (Bendick et al. 2001). Nevertheless, it is important to note that the aging generation has significant experience to contribute to the industry. Martin et al. (2003) argues that to avoid age discrimination in the construction industry, the thought of where and how to advertise is important to ensure that different age groups are reached. Sometimes the aged are discouraged from seeking employment due to the use of advertisement language such as â€Å"recent graduate† which disregards the experienced labour force. On the other hand, some advertisements suppress the hopes of the younger energetic labour force through the use of words such as â€Å"mature† or â€Å"15 years experience† and many other words that discriminate applicants on the basis of age (Office of National Statistics 2008). Even though some tasks may require experience, some employers in the construction industry are not specific with regard to the job’s requirements. Martin et al. (2003) observes that different age groups can be offered equal opportunity if the experience needed is substitutable with equivalent qualifications. This allows the experienced older members in the labor force to match their younger qualified counterparts in applying for the job. Maurer & Rafuse (2001) argue that age is usually not a good sign of great potential among workers. Studies have proved that different people in different age groups have strong characteristics that are

Utopia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Utopia - Essay Example The term was introduced by Thomas Moore, who invented the term to describe his imaginary Island where the inhabitants of the island enjoy the perfect social, legal and political system. An Island, where nothing is amiss, nothing is wrong and people lead what we can call a â€Å"Utopian or flawless† form of life. In modern Latin, â€Å"utopia† means â€Å"nowhere†. As years passed by, Thomas Moore’s famous word became an adjective to be used to describe not just his island but any state of perfectness. In the lives that we live every day, from the moment we learn about the terms â€Å"happiness† or â€Å"flawless† we start on a journey to pursue them and turn our own little lives into something that we consider blessed. But, the truth is no one is ever really happy or satisfied. I am not saying it s a crime to be not or dissatisfied but the fact is that Thomas Moore’s word â€Å"utopia† has little space in our lives. â€Å"Richa rd Cory† a short, narrative and meaningful poem that I came across, vindicates my argument substantially. He was gracious, generous, well schooled and wealthy yet at the end of the poem he ends up shooting himself in the head. Herein, we see that even though Richard Cory had all the materialistic possessions that a person needs for his survival, he was not satisfied and his life was not worth living at all. At first it seems almost necessary to describe Mr. Cory’s life as a Utopian life since everything seemed so perfect yet the end of his story makes us think otherwise- How can the term Utopia be used for a state that is nonexistent?

Critically discuss issues with determining recommendations for vitamin Essay

Critically discuss issues with determining recommendations for vitamin D intake - Essay Example The proceeding process is their hydroxylation to form 25-hydroxyvitamin. The total of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 together with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels in serum is used as an indicator of vitamin D nutritional status. Studies indicate that this level increases following exposure to sunlight, or dietary intake of vitamin D (Rajakumar et al., 2014). 25-hydroxyvitamin D is hydroxylated to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) in the kidney, a reaction catalyzed by 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase. Regulation of this reaction is by serum phosphorus, calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), fibroblast growth factor 23 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D production has also been demonstrated in the skin, parathyroid gland, breast, colon, prostate, and immune system and bone cells. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D then binds to a receptor of vitamin D in the nucleus of a cell and recruits retinoic acid X receptor. This VDR/RXR complex binds small sequences of DNA called vitamin D response elements (VDREs) (Battault et al., 2013). It then initiates a cascade of molecular interactions that modulate the transcription of specific genes. Vitamin D regulates calcium and phosphorus homeostasis that are necessary for the maintenance of bone mineralization (Vieth, 2012). In the endocrine system Vitamin D regulates insulin secretion. Investigation shows that it is a potent immune system modulator. It also exhibits effects in the cardiovascular system regulating blood pressure. Severe vitamin D deficiency results in a condition known as rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults since it is important for development and maintenance of the bone structure (Persson et al., 2013). Osteoporosis has been linked to secondary hyperthyroidism caused by vitamin D deficiency. Increased PTH secretion by the parathyroid glands result in increased bone resorption increasing the bone breakdown and precipitate osteoporosis. Cancer,

Quantum Software Case Study Essay Example for Free

Quantum Software Case Study Essay Quantum Software is a fairly new organization â€Å"No ties, no suits coats, first name only† that was founded by Stan Albright and Erin Barber. The company develops computer software specifically oriented to the needs of independent oil businesses. They’ve had a lot of success over the past 3years and are growing fairly fast. Quantum has gained over 200 employees and has made about 95 million dollars in sales. Currently, Employees at Quantum Software work 16 hour days 6 days a week. In order to keep the morel and sprit up, Quantum recognizes that their employees have been working extra hard and they want to compensate them by having a weekly â€Å"Beer Bust† party. Bill Carter, the corporate attorney, doesn’t agree with the â€Å"beer bust† idea. Instead he believes that serving alcohol at a company’s sponsor party can be a big liability to Quantum. A â€Å"beer bust† sounds fun and relaxing. However Bill Carter makes a good point, serving alcohol at a company’s sponsor party can be a huge liability on the company’s future. Recently an employee by the name of John Hooker lost his balance and fell on the snack table during one of the â€Å"beer bust† events. Luckily John didn’t get hurt. When having these types of events the company cannot guarantee that a person like John will not over drink and possibly drive home drunk and cause a serious accident. These are all things that Quantum needs to take into consideration. Accidents happen all the time and Quantum needs be aware that these â€Å"beer bust† can be a great liability to the company. I can understand that Quantum wants to reward their employees for their hard work. Working long days 6 days a week can get over whelming. What Quantum needs to do is analyze the situation. The company is growing really fast and they need more people. Hiring more programmers can help balance their work load making 8 hour days 5 days a week possible. I don’t think that having a weekly â€Å"beer bust† is a permanent solution. It is obvious that employees at Quantum like to be recognized for their accomplishments and hard work however in the beginning of the case study is it mention the most of the employees drop in to â€Å"unwind† to these â€Å" beer bust† events. Most, meaning that not everyone who works at Quantum shows up or participates in these† beer bust† parties. What I would recommend quantum to do at this point is to pass out an employee surveys and ask their employees what they want or prefer. Some employees might not like the type of environment and rather spend their free time doing something else. Others might like the idea of working fewer hours and having weekends off as a reward. An employee survey can actually help the company out by providing feedback and letting the company know what they like and dislike. The â€Å"beer bust† events have been going on for a while and have become a sort of a company’s tradition. I’m not saying to eliminate the whole â€Å"beer bust† events. The â€Å"beer bust† parties can be a great way to socialize, relax and unwind. Having social events like these can help co workers become closer and share ideas and knowledge which can be beneficial to the company. If Quantum decides to continued the â€Å"beer bust â€Å"parties, what needs to be done is that they need to need to get with Bill carter, the corporate attorney and come up ways to handle a situation if it occurs. Limiting the number of beers a person can have at each event can help by not over drinking or by providing some sort of transportation such as bus or taxi to take employees back home after a â€Å"beer bust† event. These are rules that can be implemented by the company in order to not only save Quantum from a future law suit but also to save a life. The fact that both Eric and Stan are not really listening to Bill’s concerns can and will affect the company’s future. Bill is the corporate attorney and he knows the law. I would recommend bill to talk to both Eric and Stan another day. Eric and Stan are in a relax mode at this point probably had a few drinks or two and might not think that what Bill has to say is quite as important as it really is. Scheduling a meeting with both Eric and Stan and going over what can happen if they don’t start implanting rules.

Coca Cola Company Operations And Strategies Business Essay

Coca Cola Company Operations And Strategies Business Essay Coca Cola was invented by Doctor John Pemberton a pharmacist from Atlanta, Georgia in May, 1886. John Pemberton invented the Coca Cola formula in a three legged brass kettle in his backyard. The name was a suggestion given by John Pembertons bookkeeper Frank Robinson. The soft drink was first sold to the public at the soda fountain in Jacobs Pharmacy in Atlanta on May 8, 1886. About nine servings of the soft drink were sold each day. Sales for that first year added up to a total of about $50. But it cost John Pemberton over $70 in expanses, so the first year of sales were a loss. Until 1905, the soft drink, marketed as a tonic, contained extracts of cocaine as well as the caffeine-rich kola nut. In 1887, another Atlanta pharmacist and businessman, Asa Candler bought the formula for Coca Cola from inventor John Pemberton for $2,300. By the late 1890s, Coca Cola was one of Americas most popular fountain drinks, largely due to Candlers aggressive marketing of the product. With Asa Candl er, now at the helm, the Coca Cola Company increased syrup sales by over 40% between 1890 and 1900. On April 23, 1985, the trade secret New Coke formula was released. Today, products of the Company are consumed at the rate of more than one billion drinks per day. Now company produces more than 300 beverage brands. The corporate headquarters are in Atlanta, with local operations in over 200 countries around the world. More than 70 percent of the income comes from outside the U.S, but the real reason they are a truly global company is that the products meet the varied taste preferences of consumers everywhere. But the Company has several issues that influence its profits and position in the market. Such as still producing its Coca Cola Classic product, which contains high levels of sugar and caffeine which is negatively impact costumers health.   And it may reduce the demand for some of their products and impact customers trust or loyalty.    The second one is banned sales of Coke in its cafeteria by the Indian parliament. When coca cola was tested, it was found that it includes high concentrations of pesticides and insecticides, including lindane, DDT, malathion and chlorpyrifos. Some samples tested showed the presence of these toxins to be more than 30 times the standard allowed by the European Union. But the same drinks were found to be safe in US. The third issue is boycott against the companys using huge amount of water from the common groundwater source. And as a result of its operations the scarce water has been polluted by Coca Cola (case study Coca Colas strategy, www.thecoca-colacompany.com). Mission and Vision Statement Mission Statement Coca Cola Companys mission statement is to maximize shareowner value over time. In order to achieve this mission, they are creating value for their consumers, bottlers, and their communities. The Coca Cola Company creates value by executing comprehensive business strategies (mission vision values, (2009) www.thecoca-colacompany.com). Vision Statement To achieve sustainable growth, Coca cola has established a vision with clear goals: Profit: Maximizing return to shareholders; People: Creating great place to work where people are inspired to be the best they can be. Thomson, Gamble, and Strickland (2006) suggest that Coca Cola believes a reputation for workforce diversity makes recruiting employees easier (talented employees from diverse backgrounds often seek out such company); Portfolio: Bringing to the world a portfolio of beverage brands that anticipate and satisfy peoples desires and needs; Partners: Nurturing a winning network of partners and building mutual loyalty; Planet: Being a responsible global citizen that makes a difference (mission vision values, (2009) www.thecoca-colacompany.com). Companys Strategies Brand development Strategy. P.Kotler and K.L.Keller (2009) suggest that brands signal a certain level of quality so that satisfied buyers can easily choose the product again. So Coca Cola Company to far reach and to manage remaining in the limelight it created Brand development strategy. This strategy is effective as it has been able to construct, manage as well as maintain its brand image since yesteryears. As Kotler et. al., (2009) argue, brand loyalty provides predictability and security of demand for the company and creates barriers to entry that make it for other firms to enter the market. The brand loyalty is the instrumental in keeping up companys brand image. Over the years, Coca Cola has passed several tests of brand enhancement and the company makes it a point that the products under the banner Coca Cola continue to invade the minds of the consumers. It involves 4000 customers to test 20 brand attributes every month. With regard to the brand development of Coca Cola Zero, the company came out with an advertisement, which was quite different from the conventional ones. In this regard, (no calorie beverage), it has shelled out three types of products: Coca Cola Classic; Diet Coke; Coca Cola Zero. There are few experts who believe that when Coca Cola had the tag line of The Real Thing, it was really that but with the invention of various categories of coke, the real thing changes to many things, and the original flavor is usually lost. Hence, the brand building strategies should be such that it does not confuse people and is able to retain consumers despite the fact that several new non alcoholic beverage firms are on the (development strategy of Coca Cola, finance.mapsofworld.com). Business Intelligence Strategy. In order to know what consumers prefer it intends to use Information technology (IT) to monitor the pulse of its customers.  Ã‚   According to Information Week article titled Cokes RFID-Based Dispensers Redefine Business Intelligence, Coke plans to roll out the Freestyle drink dispenser nationwide which is taking the concept of customer choice to new heights, and the most interesting aspect is the technology its built on. According to Rainer and Turban (2009), business intelligence (BI) is applications and technologies for consolidating, analyzing and providing access to vast amounts of data to help users make better business and strategic decisions. Freestyle will become Cokes front-line robotic army for BI, sending massive amounts of consumption data back to the beverage companys Atlanta headquarters. The dispensers collect data on what customers are drinking and how much, and transmit that information each night over a private Verizon wireless net work to Cokes SAP data warehouse system in Atlanta. Unique byproduct of this BI enabled dispenser is that Coke can try out new flavors and get back almost real time feedback on the viability of its success.     With a competitive advantage like this, I think its a good idea Coke store its IT details to develop its recipe formula. Price strategy. Sometimes Coca Cola Company changes their product prices according to the season. Summer is supposed to be a good season for beverage industry in Pakistan. So in winter they reduce their prices to maintain their sales and profit. But normally they reduce the prices of their pet bottles or 1 litter glass bottle. Promotion strategy. They get or purchase shelves in big departmental stores and display their products in those shelves in that style which show their product clearer and more attractive for the consumers (Coca colas business intelligence strategy, www.itstrategyblog.com). SWOT Analysis Strengths: 1. Brand equity 2. Product distribution and worldwide network 3. Solid financial performance 4. One of the worlds most recognized brand. 5. Innovation Weaknesses: 1. Credit rating 2. Customer concentration, particularly in the US (Wal-Mart accounts for more than 10% of Coca Colas business in the US) 3. Does not enjoy the number one position in India, Pakistan. Opportunities: 1. Possible growing demand. 2. Expansion reaching all segments. 3. Globalization 4. Catering to Health Consciousness of People 5. Bottled water growth Threats: 1. Health Drinks Fruit Juice Companies 2. Key competitors (Pepsi, etc) 3. Commodity prices growth 4. Image perception in certain parts of the world (case study Coca Colas strategy, www.thecoca-colacompan). Driving Forces I think the first driving force for the company is customer demand. If there is no demand it is meaning in producing the product. So for the Coca Cola, driving force is customer demand. The second one is innovation. Nowadays companies have to be able to survive and grow in an ever-changing market. In order to achieve these they should systematically innovate and deliver new products.   According to Companys late 90s earnings growth of 15-20% per year, turned in three straight years of falling profits.   It was apparent that the market was changing  and for keeping up these changes, Coca-Cola had to move from a single core product to a total beverage company.   This was a major change because their past success was base on having one successful core product.  Now Coca-Cola offers nearly 400 different products in and is still dominating the beverage industry.   The third driving force is globalization. Todays big business takes place on a global scale, and Coca-Cola is no exception.   Technology is continually changing business, and these constant changes have been making it more feasible and profitable for businesses to expand their operations globally in order to serve all different types of diverse markets around the world.   Coca-Cola is taking advantage of the large revenue opportunities made possible by participating in a global market and now offers products in 200 countries around the world.   Issues In my opinion the main issue of the Coca Cola Company is still producing its Coca Cola Classic product, which contains high levels of sugar and caffeine is causing a recent uproar on our increasingly health-conscience world.   There is a possibility that obesity concerns may reduce demand for some of their products.   In addition, the most amounts of its products are selling in the schools so this puts the pressure on Coke to provide healthier alternatives to their drinks if they want to keep selling in schools. The next problem is the Indian parliament has banned the sale of Coke products in its cafeteria. The ban came as the result of tests, including those by the Indian government, which found high concentrations of pesticides and insecticides, including lindane, DDT, malathion and chlorpyrifos, in the colas, making them unfit for consumption. Some samples tested showed the presence of these toxins to be more than 30 times the standard allowed by the European Union. Tests of samples taken from the US of the same drinks were found to be safe. As we know water is rare resource and today one of the main problems of the world is water shortage. This creating the problems in most companys operations and Coca Cola is no exception. The Companys bottling operations are facing severe shortages of water as a result of the cola major sucking huge amounts of water from the common groundwater source. To add insult to injury, the scarce water that remains has been polluted by Coca-Cola as a result of its operations. It is resulting thousands of Indian people protesting against the company. Conclusion and recommendations Though Coca Cola is performing well and gaining trust of its consumers and obtaining new consumers trust every day, it should act even better to keep its current position in beverage industry and keep on growing. The Company should increase its shareholders wealth by increasing its sales and decreasing the costs which will result higher earnings and net profit. As conclusion of analysis I have done, I suggest the following recommendations for the Coca Cola Company: Today everything is rapidly changing and companies for surviving should go step by step with those changes. The innovation gives the company key advantage among its rivals. So Coca Cola Company can introduce a new product, which many people will want to try. Coca Cola needs to continuously strengthen its brand to maintain brand loyalty and differentiate itself from its competitors, in order to maintain its strong market position. Reason of not being popular in India is the utilization of rear water resources. This put negative effect on the brand image, because of cola plant water level in the area decreases which makes the resident life miserable. If the Company wants a number one position in India they have to follow following criteria: Environmental due diligence before acquiring land or starting projects; Environmental impact assessment before commencing operations; Ground water and environmental surveys before selecting sites. Another major asset to a company of this size and clout is maintaining continuity among the workforce.   This is essential to keep the company in a positive direction, accomplishing common goals and constantly setting new goals.  

Competition law in Nigeria

Competition law in Nigeria INTRODUCTION SCOPE OF THESIS The area of Competition law in Nigeria remains an area of law that has not been fully tapped. Currently, there is no competition law operating in Nigeria and although there has been a bill, it is yet to be passed to law. The ongoing lack of a competition law regime has quite predictably led to price-fixing, excessive pricing of products , market concentration as well as domination being the order of the day, all to the detriment of the consumer. The primary objective of this thesis therefore, is to discover the value of introducing Competition law in Nigeria and indeed a sector specific Competition Law to the Nigerian Communications Industry. The theses will begin by examining the global significance of Nigeria and the position of Nigeria as a developing economy. This research further seeks to examine the state of the Nigerian telecommunications industry and the steps that have been taken by the Nigerian Government towards the opening up of the telecommunications industry in Nigeria. The thesis will also look at both the arguments for and against the introduction of a competition law in Nigeria and a specific competition law in the telecommunications industry which forms the main focus of this research. The present situation in Nigeria can be likened to a market where all the telecommunications providers provide their services at the same price, a price that always seems to be a little higher week after week, In such a case, what might have happened is that the telecommunications providers have formed cartels so that they can force up prices and make large profits. If such is the case, it is the welfare of the customers that suffers because of the lack of competition. Competition issues in various sectors of the economy are handled by other regulatory regimes such as The Special Trade and Malpractices Investigation panel, standards organisation of Nigeria, Nigerian Civil Aviation authority, Securities and Exchange commission, Central Bank of Nigeria, and of particular importance to this thesis, The Nigerian Communication Commission (NCC) which is the national regulatory authority for the telecommunications industry in Nigeria. The question that arises however is whether the regulations set out by the NCC are sufficient to promote and preserve competition. This thesis will analyse the position of the NCC as a regulator of the Nigerian telecommunications industry. RATIONALE AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY In carrying out this research, the author will rely on a collection of theories, comparative study of the Law in different jurisdictions and Interviews with various individuals who have experience in this field. Primary and secondary sources of information will be used to collect and analyze data to come to a viable conclusion. The primary sources which the author will utilize include authoritative materials of the law such as the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, statutes and legislations in force, official publications and judicial decisions relating to competition law, telecommunications law and Privatization in Nigeria. Books, journals, articles, dictionaries, periodicals, newspapers, The Federal Competition Bill and internet documents will constitute secondary sources of information. These are materials which pertain to law but are not themselves authoritative records of legal rules. A comparative study of competition law systems in other jurisdictions will also form a part of the study. In order to make this thesis logical, the author will sketch headings and arrange materials to accommodate research findings. Headings and cross headings will not only assist to readily identify where a particular point has been dealt with, it will also make the theses flow in a logical way and keep the readers interested. Because the area of law to being researched in this thesis is relatively young in Nigeria, it is necessary to perform foundation research and as such, secondary sources of research will be highly relied upon in this thesis. Challenges of Research Methodology: It is widely accepted that competition authorities in developed and developing countries alike encounter challenges and obstacles in their effort to promote competition and enforce their various competition laws. While the challenges faced are similar in nature their degrees vary across countries. It has been observed that Developing countries such as Nigeria do not generally place the implementation and administration of competition law on their priority lists. They are generally of the mind that it is like giving a silk tie to a hungry child. However, with the changing global landscape, trade barriers being removed and markets becoming more integrated, developing countries find themselves in the situation in which they now have no choice but to institute the relevant legislation. The implementation of institutional reform that the developed countries took several decades to accomplish is now being thrust upon developing countries which do not have the luxury of time, the requisite skill or the resources. In the same vein, in carrying out research on competition law in the Nigerian telecommunications industry, the author came across various research challenges. The main challenge has been the inability to get research materials. This is due to the fact that the area of research is still in its infant stage in Nigeria as a result there is not enough written material on it. Further, it is a very contentious and political issue as a result; companies, institutions and individuals who have access to necessary material or information are not willing to release information. The Bureaucratic nature of Nigerian Institutions also posed as a major challenge to this research. This is because there are many levels of management, much paperwork and impersonal officials working to a fixed routine who seem to find it difficult to provide necessary information or give necessary interviews which would be advantageous to this research paper. The unstable state of the Nigerian Telecommunications Limited (NITEL) which operated monopoly status in the Nigerian Telecommunications industry for a long time also proved to be a challenge in getting research information. This is because as management of NITEL changed, the operations change and this makes it difficult to get information on previous happenings in the company. Other challenges faced by the author in the research process came in the telephone interview process. This is because some people do not have telephones or do not have their telephone numbers listed. People also often dislike intrusion of a call to their homes and never have time for a telephone interview at work. Also telephone interviews need to be relatively short or people get impatient or feel imposed on. The use of the internet as a form of research also came with its own challenges some of which include accuracy and reliability of information obtained from online sources and difficulties in verifying a writers credentials. COUNTRY PROFILE AND GLOBAL SIGNIFICANCE OF NIGERIA The Federal Republic of Nigeria consists of 36 states and 774 local governments administrations. The Capital city is Abuja, located in the Federal Capital Territory and it is geographically situated in the middle of the Country. Nigeria has a population of over 148 million making it the largest market in sub-Saharan Africa with reasonably skilled and potential manpower for efficient and effective management of investment projects within the country. Nigeria is a regional power and it is listed among the Next eleven economies Nigeria is a nation blessed with an abundance of natural and mineral resources as well as renewable energy sources. Its oil reserves make Nigeria in the league of the top ten petroleum rich nations, and by far the most affluent in Africa. Nigeria is a member of the organisation of petroleum exporting nations which makes it significant to the world at large. The petroleum industry in Nigeria has brought unprecedented changes in the Nigerian economy, particularly in the past five decades when it replaced agriculture as the cornerstone of the Nigerian economy and contributes the lion share of in the nations gross domestic product, accounting for the bulk of federal government revenue and foreign exchange earnings. The Nigerian economy can be described as most promising. Nigeria has however been long hobbled by political instability, corruption, inadequate infrastructure, and poor macroeconomic management. Nigerias former military rulers failed to diversify the economy away from its overdependence on the capital-intensive oil sector, which provides 95% of foreign exchange earnings and about 80% of budgetary revenues. Following the signing of an IMF stand-by agreement in August 2000, Nigeria received a debt-restructuring deal from the Paris Club and a $1 billion credit from the IMF, both contingent on economic reforms. Nigeria has a mixed economy which accommodates all; individuals, corporate organisations and government agencies to invest in almost all economic activities. Over the last decade, the Nigerian government has introduced some economic measures such as liberalisation and privatisation of sectors that had been monopolies, with the purpose of introducing competition, wealth creation and encouraging foreign investors. In 2003, the Nigerian government instituted the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS), a domestically designed and run program modelled on the IMFs Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility for fiscal and monetary management[4]. NEEDS focused on four key strategies; poverty reduction, wealth creation, employment generation and value re-orientation. The initiative has recorded remarkable achievements, meeting most of its targets, and in some instances surpassing them. In November 2005, Nigeria won Paris Club approval for a debt-relief deal that eliminated $18 billion of debt in exchange for $12 billion in payments a total package worth $30 billion of Nigerias total $37 billion external debt. The deal requires Nigeria to be subject to stringent IMF reviews. OVERVIEW OF THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY The telecommunications industry forms a major infrastructural requirement for any meaningful economic development to take place in a country. The importance of a robust telecommunications infrastructure cannot be over emphasized as it is pertinent to economic growth, and constitutes a significant portion of the worlds economy. This chapter discusses the historical and present state of the global telecommunications industry with particular focus on Nigeria. The Chapter will consider the policy approach to deregulation of the Nigerian telecommunications industry, as well as provide an overview of the evolution of the Nigerian telecommunications industry from the colonial times to full liberalisation as is the position now Over the last one hundred and thirty (130) years, the global telecommunications industry has experienced an unprecedented growth from an almost unnoticed analogue telephony to a modern digital mobile communication with billions of subscribers worldwide. This is evident in the Europe and Latin American telecommunications market worth â‚ ¬424bn in 2007, with mobile services accounting for 51%. The Evolution of the Global Telecommunications Industry The African telecommunications market being the fastest growing telecoms market in the world plays host to the next wave of global competition. In 2006 alone, mobile companies signed up about 60 million new subscribers across the continent, as many people as the entire population of the United Kingdom. Africas unique infrastructure challenges have made telecommunications (particularly mobile phones) an indispensable business and social tool. Despite impressive recent growth in telecommunications, penetration rates in Africa remain relatively low, thereby suggesting a large underlying potential market in this populous continent. It is expected that 260 million new subscribers will be added across Africa by 2014, nearly equal to the present population of the entire United States of America. THE NIGERIAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY In consonance with the global trend in the telecommunications industry, Nigeria shares a similar success story over the past 130 years of navigating its telecommunications operations. The figure below shows incremental successes achieved within the Nigeria telecoms industry. The Evolution of the Nigerian Telecommunications Industry HISTORY OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS IN NIGERIA Telecommunications facilities came into being in 1886 by the colonial administration. The initial purpose was merely to carry out administrative duties as opposed to the provision of socio economic development for the country. Thus, the introduction of public telegraph services connecting Lagos by submarine cable along the west coast of Africa to Ghana, Sierra-Leone, Gambia and on to England was more important than an efficient telecommunications network. Subsequently, as at 1960 when Nigeria gained her independence, there were only 18,724 telephone lines available for a population estimated at 40 million people. This translated to a tele-density of about 0.5 telephone lines per 1,000 people. The telephone network consisted of 121 exchanges out of which 116 were of the manual (magneto) type and only 5 were automatic. Since independence, there have been a number of development plans for the expansion and modernisation of the telecommunications networks and services. Most of these plans were not fully implemented. After the Nigerian Independence in 1965 and up until 1985, the telecommunications industry was divided into: The department of Posts and Telecommunications (P T) and The Nigerian External Telecommunications (NET) Limited, P T took charge of the internal network while NET overlooked the external telecommunications services and provided the gateway to the outside world. By the end of 1985, the installed switching capacity was about 200,000 lines as against the planned target of about 460,000. All the exchanges were analogue, and telephone penetration remained poor equal to 1 telephone line to 440 inhabitants, well below the target of 1 telephone line to 100 inhabitants recommended by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) for developing countries. The quality of service was largely unsatisfactory, the telephone was unreliable, congested, expensive and customer unfriendly. These unsatisfactory services led to the split of P T in January 1985, it was divided into Postal Division and Telecommunications Divisions. The telecommunications division was merged with NET to form Nigerian Telecommunications Limited (NITEL),a limited liability Company, while the Postal Division was reconstituted into another organisation called the Nigerian Postal Service (NIPOST). NITEL On establishment, NITEL became the national operator for telecommunications services in Nigeria. Although efforts are being made to privatise NITEL, and indeed there was a recent privatisation attempt where by 51% equity stake of NITEL was sold to core investors, this privatisation attempt was reversed and NITEL remains wholly owned by the Government of Nigeria. NITEL was set up to reverse the defects which characterised telecommunications development from independence up until 1984[11]. Its main objective was to harmonise the co ordination of the external and internal telecommunications services, rationalise investments in telecommunications development and provide easy access, efficient and affordable services. The historical key businesses of NITEL include fixed telephony services including international, internet, payphone and interconnection; Long distance carrier including fixed international calls and satellite services; cellular, including all cellular activity carried out within M-Tel. After the inception of NITEL,little progress was made in the development of the telecommunications industry and it was still characterised with poor management, lack of accountability and transparency and inefficiency. At this time, NITEL occupied a monopoly status and being owned by the Government, this resulted in its having a weak infrastructure base, high unmet demand, Lines concentrated in selected urban areas, slow growth of subscriber base and limited investment into the telecommunications sector. In order to tackle these short comings, and in line with what obtains in several developed nations, The Government of Nigeria identified that Liberalisation of the Telecommunications market was essential for rapid network growth. Private sector participation was essential for attracting financial resources, innovation and new technology. The industry was thus deregulated through the establishment of the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) by Decree No. 75 of 1992. The NCC has since approved almost 200 operating licenses for private providers of various telecommunications services, including internet services providers, which of course has in turn generated a high demand for telecommunications equipment, accessories, consultancy and technical partnerships. In addition, NITEL has approved various private firms to be connected to its switching systems so as to provide more lines (with greater efficiency and service) and thus act as a buffer for the grossly inadequate NITEL services. Despite all these efforts, it was quite clear that there was a dire need for the Nigerian Government to be more pro-active about improving telecommunications. As such, in 2000, the NCC awarded licenses for Global System of Mobile Communications (GSM) to NITEL by auction to two preferred bidders Econet Wireless Nigeria Limited and MTN Nigeria Limited. The licenses were bought at almost US$240million dollars, the highest amounts ever paid for such licenses in the world. The GSM technology has completely overshadowed NITELs land lines, as the demand is high for them due to efficiency, despite the astronomical tariffs its consumers are subjected to. These cumulative events eventually spurred the NCC, through the Bureau of Public Enterprises (its secretariat) to seek to privatise NITEL by requesting for Core investors to acquire controlling interest in the entity and manage its day to day activities. The privatization of NITEL has always been shrouded in controversies and politics. Many people are of the view that the Federal Government has not shown enough seriousness or sincerity in the many attempts to sell the telecommunications company. The first attempt in 2002 to privatise NITEL could not materialise due to the failure of Investment International Limited (ILL) of Britain to pay the $1.317 billion it offered for the 31 per cent shares of the company. ILL paid up the mandatory 10 per cent deposit, but was unable to make up the balance by the end of several deadline Periods, thereby derailing the process. Another attempt was made in 2003 with the engagement of a Dutch company, called Pentascope to manage NITEL and put it on sound footing preparatory to its sale. This one also collapsed. In the third attempt, Orascomm of Egypt offered $256.43 million for 51 per cent shares of NITEL. This offer was considered ridiculously low, and, so the government cancelled the deal. This has been the story of the efforts to privatize this big and potentially rich government-owned telecommunications firm. One deal that stood out was the Pentascope agreement. While Pentascope was expected to revitalize NITEL, Pentascope ended up not only ruining the company but it mounting up huge debts for the company as well. In particular, when Pentascope took over NITEL in March 2003, NITEL had about N17.7 billion in its coffers. However about a year later when its agreement with NITEL was terminated, it had left NITEL with a debt burden of N38 billion and a reduction in the number of functional land lines from 455,000 to 288,000. It therefore seems correct to state that the singular error of picking Pentascope as the management consultant to NITEL in 2003 is largely responsible for the pitiable condition the company finds itself in today. In 2006, 51 per cent equity in NITEL was sold to another company, Transnational Corporation[16], (TRANSCORP), for US $ 500 million. However, this process also failed to turn around the operator as TRANSCORP has been unable to raise the money to overcome the many problems of NITEL. The Nigerian government holds 49% of NITEL. The government however, wants Transcorp to sell 27% of Nitel to a new investor, which would then purchase a further 24% from the government to take control. This new core investor was scheduled to take over in February 2009; however this has not yet happened. In the meantime, the NCC has awarded a second national carrier license to Globacom Nigeria Limited, the only company out of three who expressed an Interest that was able to come up with the US$20 million 10% deposit of the Auction price requested by the NCC. Government was of the belief that a second National carrier would offer much needed competition to NITEL. Globacom has since commenced operations and as of today, it has the third highest subscriber network in the Country. POLICY APPROACH TO DEREGULATION AND PRIVATIZATION Liberalisation and privatisation It was only a matter of time before it became clear to Nigerian policy-makers that a shift in its policies was required. The over-regulation of the economy had become unhelpful, the economy was anaemic, and the Government had trouble keeping up with subventions to State owned enterprises, many of whom, at any rate, were inefficiently and unprofitably run. For SOEs in the telecommunication sector such as NITEL, the implications of its inefficiency for the entire economy were very far-reaching as it contributed to the retardation of the countrys overall industrial development. The merits of a deregulated economy were thus too overpowering for the Nigerian Government to ignore: much-needed foreign direct investment was to be attracted, bringing in tow the required technology, management and technical skills that would not only boost the economy but would transform the SOEs. To achieve this, however, it was obvious that radical legal reforms would have to be undertaken. Following the collapse of communism and apartheid, more countries joined the race for foreign investors. Investment climates therefore needed to be competitive. Before then, through the indigenisation policy pursued since the early 1970s, foreign investors in Nigeria had to contend with ceding a portion of their business to local investors. The real challenge, however, lay in removing regulation and monopoly so that foreign investors could have a level playing field. What followed was a rash of laws designed to facilitate foreign direct investment in Nigeria. Significant among these reforms was the repeal of the Nigerian Enterprises Promotions Decree 1989 (under which the indigenisation policy was sustained), and in its place came the Nigerian Investment Promotion Decree No.16, 1995 which made it possible for an enterprise to be 100 per cent owned by foreign investors. Also, the Exchange Control Act 1990 under which foreign investors required the approval of the Minister of Finance in order to transfer profits abroad was repealed in favour of the Foreign Exchange Decree No.15, 1995 that guaranteed free transfer of capital. The Companies Act 1968 was also repealed in favour of the Companies and Allied Matters Act, 1990, a more comprehensive and forward-looking company code. Against these reforms, Nigeria began its gradual journey towards deregulation, privatisation and a free market economy. However, as the free market was a model that had never previously been applied in Nigeria, its handlers had trouble grappling with it, and this led to the initial efforts being short-lived.This was followed by another privatisation law, the Bureau of Public Enterprises Decree, 1993. Privatization In every great monarchy in Europe, the sale of crown lands will produce a very large sum of money, which if applied to the payment of public debts, would deliver from mortgage a much greater revenue than any which those lands have ever afforded to the crownWhen the crown lands become private property, they will in the course of a few years become well improved and well cultivated ADAM SMITH, WEALTH OF NATIONS (1776). The term privatization is used to describe a range of different policy initiatives designed to alter the balance between the public and private sectors. It commonly refers to the transfer of ownership and control of enterprise from the state to the private sector.This may occur in various ways, such as, the sale of all or part of the privatized companys equity to the public, or the sale of the company as a complete entity. It may also take the form of joint ventures, where the private sector will invest in a public enterprise Privatization as a tool for economic management came about in the early 1970s when Chile became the first country to turn public businesses to private operators. Since then, over 140 countries have embraced privatization as a route to economic growth and prosperity. In the process of privatization, more investible capital has been injected into the various economies through local and foreign investors to the benefit of the country at large. In the process, funds that would have been committed to the maintenance of otherwise inefficient enterprises have been freed into more productive sectors of the economy. Privatization in Nigeria Privatization in Nigeria was formally introduced by the Privatization and Commercialization Act of 1988[25], This Act set up the Technical Committee on Privatization and Commercialization (TCPC) with a mandate to privatize 111 public enterprises and commercialize 34 others. In 1993, having privatized 88 out of the 111 enterprises listed in the decree, the TCPC concluded its assignment and submitted a final report. Based on the recommendation of the TCPC, the Federal Military Government promulgated the Bureau for Public Enterprises Act of 1993, which repealed the 1988 Act and set up the Bureau for Public Enterprises (BPE) to implement the privatization program in Nigeria. As at May 1999 the Federal Government investment in these public enterprises was in the region of US$100 billion. In spite of these massive investments, however, public enterprises have failed to perform the functions and attain the objectives for which they were set up. The gross failure of these enterprises to live up to expectations is partly responsible for the current move towards economic liberalization, competition and privatization. The philosophy behind privatization in Nigeria therefore is to restructure and rationalize the public sector not only to lessen the dominance of unproductive investments in the sector but also to initiate the process of gradual cession to the private sector of public enterprises which are believed to be better operated by the private sector. It is also expected that the privatization programme will provide the channel for reintegrating Nigeria back into the global economy as a platform to attract foreign direct investment in an open, fair and transparent manner. THE ENABLING PRIVATISATION LAWS Public Enterprises (Privatisation and Commercialisation) Act 1999 provides the enabling legislation for the implementation of the privatization and commercialization programme. This Act created the National Council on Privatization (NCP) whose functions include: making policies on privatization and commercialization; determining the modalities for privatization and advising the government accordingly; determining the timing of privatization for particular enterprises; approving the prices for shares and the appointment of privatization advisers; ensuring that commercialized public enterprises are managed in accordance with sound commercial principles and prudent financial practices; and Interfacing between the public enterprises and the supervising ministries in order to ensure effective monitoring and safeguarding of the managerial autonomy of the public enterprises. The 1999 Act also established the Bureau of Public Enterprises (BPE) as the secretariat of the National Council on Privatization. The functions of the bureau include among others to do the following: implement the councils policies on privatization and commercialization; prepare public enterprises approved by the council for privatization and commercialization; advise the council on capital restructuring needs of enterprises to be privatized; ensure financial discipline and accountability of commercialized enterprises; make recommendations to the council in the appointment of consultants, advisers, investment bankers, issuing houses, stockbrokers, solicitors, trustees, accountants, and other professionals required for the purpose of either privatization or commercialization; and Ensure the success of privatization and commercialization implementation through monitoring and evaluation. The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 Nigerian laws dealing with the issues of privatization do not exist in a vacuum. It is part of the body of laws governing the transfer and acquisition of property in Nigeria. The most fundamental legal document in Nigeria is the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999. Under sections 43 and 44 of the Constitution, the right of the individual to own movable and immovable property is guaranteed by the Constitution. As a corollary to this guarantee, these properties cannot be acquired by the Government without the payment of compensation. The issue that has been discussed very frequently is whether the guarantees protect the sale of shares. This depends on whether the shares are movable property under the Constitution. It has been argued that since shares are choses in action they are not strictly so called movable property. They are special specie; consequently they are not protected under the Constitution. If this argument prevails it means that if a NEW Government which does not share the philosophy of the recent Governments ascends to power, it can reacquire the shares which it had disposed off through privatisation without any obligation to pay compensation for the share. At present the position of the Constitution should not create any serious alarm because, Under the Nigeria Investment Promotion Commission Act, Decree No. 16 1995 (the law enacted to encourage inflow of investments in Nigeria) the Government of Nigeria guarantees expressly that no compulsory acquisition of enterprises and interests shall take place in Nigeria. This clearly includes chooses in action. Foreign Exchange (Monitoring and Miscellaneous Provisions) Decree 1995 A major factor which provided a catalyst for the privatization process was the need to attract foreign investment. The commanding height of the economy theory had failed to attract investments. The oil boom had disappeared and it was necessary to augment national revenue through foreign investment. The laws governing the allocation of foreign exchange had to be adapted in such a manner as to make it very attractive to the foreign investor. Consistent with this spirit of liberalization and privatization of the economy the rules

interview :: essays research papers

The family member that was interviewed was Erin. The relationship between the interviewer and the interviewee is third cousins through marriage. The interview took place in Erin’s apartment living room. Since she is an RA she lives in one of the apartments of Sara Tracy Dorm. When the interviewer walked into the room he could tell that she was very clean and rather sophisticated, just by the way her room was set up. The interviewee was sitting on her futon and was very alert. There were pink and yellow carnations on the table, which I found out that they are not real. Erin 20 years old and has an ethnic origin of Irish. Erin is a Caucasian and when asked what religion she was, Erin responded proudly â€Å"Catholic†. The next question to be asked was â€Å"what are you wearing?† and me not paying attention to the question read it allowed, when I could have just observed her to answer the question. But, she caught my slip up and she responded â€Å"nothing† and laughed sarcastically. In reality, she had on a older and faded WJU swimming t-shirt on with a pair of worn out jeans. She seamed happy and content, but when I asked â€Å"what is your mood today?† she said, â€Å"Alright, calm I guess†¦not too happy and not too sad.† Then I asked her about her attitude and she responded with â€Å"happy to be interviewed†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Erin’s mom’s family is from New York, and her dad’s family is from West Virginia. She was born in San Diego, California, on August 10, 1984. Her family then moved to Connecticut when Erin was â€Å"just a wee lad† as she put it, so she does not remember a whole lot from that particular time period. Then after living in Connecticut for a couple of years her family moved to West Virginia where they are presently located now.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Erin has many of friends who are outgoing and not afraid to speak their mind. All of them are nice and funny. They know how to make a good time out of the worst days. Erin, however, is pretty much the brain of the operations that they carry out. During the interview Erin was sitting on her futon drinking a cup of coffee acting all sophisticated. She was really relaxed and was not fidgeting like I was, so she did not seem like she was nervous.

Arthur Miller Explores the Idea of Justice in A View From The Bridge :: English Literature

How does Arthur Miller explore the idea of justice in A View From The Bridge. The play ‘A View From The Bridge’ by Arthur Miller is set in the American Sicilian community of Red Hook, in Brooklyn. Community bonds and strong codes of justice are very important in the community. Betrayal of your family or your community is the worst crime you can commit. For instance the story of Vinny Bolzano that Eddie told to Catherine and Beatrice. The story that Eddie told Catherine and Beatrice was the story of Vinny Bolzano. It was about a boy aged about fourteen years old who told the police that his family were hiding his uncle, who was an illegal immigrant. When his family found out that it was Vinny who had told the police about the uncle they disowned him. The whole community turned against him. They even kicked and beat him. â€Å"grabbed him in the kitchen and pulled him down the stairs – three flights his head was bouncin’ like a coconut.† Not betraying your family was so important to Eddie as you would be going against the community codes and this was not done. If it were, the community would disown you. Honour and reputation are also very important to the community. Eddie says to Catherine â€Å"You can quicker get back a million dollars that was stole than a word that you gave away.† Eddie is saying that once you have lost your reputation you will find it nearly impossible to get back. In the play the character Alfieri role is to act as the narrator and to move the play along in time. He knows what will happen in the play. For instance he knows that Eddie Carbone will be killed at some point within the play. He refers to this in his very first speech. â€Å"This ones name was Eddie Carbone† â€Å"and watched it run its bloody course.† When reading or watching the play you will know that Eddie will be killed some time within the play but you do not know when, this creates dramatic tension. So you’ll know that they wont be a happy ending but you’ll be curious as to how the play will end. He also makes lots of references to the law particularly in his first speech. â€Å"a lawyer means the law† â€Å"the law has not been friendly.† The second quote comes from Alfieri in his first speech and he is saying that in the community Red Hook, where he works, a lawyer is thought of as unlucky. This is because they are only connected with disaster. Because the community of Red Hook is a poor community and nobody has

English coursework †Hamlet refers to Claudius Essay

Hamlet refers to Claudius as a â€Å"Remorseless, treacherous, lecherous, kindles villain! † How far do you share his view? A villain is usually driven by something, usually power or money. Claudius has two of the greatest motives, power and lust. â€Å"My crown, mine own ambition, and my queen† Claudius lists the things he committed the murder for. Crown signalising power comes before queen, Gertrude. Villain’s motives are sometimes unimportant. Iago has no real motive to completely ruin people’s lives but does it because he enjoys it, only an extremely evil villain would gain pleasure through the suffering of others. Claudius has far greater motives. Firstly he would gain great power, a thing desired by many. He would also then have Gertrude whom he does care for and wants. Claudius has a tremendous talent at controlling and influencing people, whether it is through their views or their actions. Claudius switches Laertes’ anger from himself to Hamlet with ease â€Å"I am guiltless of your father’s death† to do that you would have to be a very convincing liar and be good at deceiving. Claudius then invites in a mad Ophelia to deceive Laertes, and to make him believe Hamlet is the culprit. Claudius’ manipulation of Hamlet’s feelings is apparent early on in the play showing his true self to be a sly, cunning and extremely clever man. All these qualities are shown in his opening speech as he addresses the court; Claudius speaks about the issue of his brother’s death, â€Å"our dear brother’s death, the memory be green† then, in a few sentences, moves on t the subject of his marriage, â€Å"Therefore our sometimes sister, now our queen† Claudius addresses his authority by referring to his wife as Queen letting all know that he is King. This is a very efficient and to the point statement showing Claudius’ intelligence, a characteristic common in the best and most evil villains. Claudius changes the subject â€Å"For all, our thanks† again it is simple and with minimum fuss. Claudius moves on to the next subject; a possible attack from a neighbouring country. He makes light of the situation by belittling the opposition; â€Å"Young Fortinbras, Holding a weak supposal of our worth† he calls the King young, immediately bringing to mind the thought of a child, not a very intimidating opponent. He also says ‘our’; gently letting the court he is the new King. â€Å"So much for him† these are the final words on the subject. Claudius has covered the death of his brother, his marriage with his former sister and a possible invasion and left the court laughing, smiling and joking. He is extremely clever to have done all this without arousing any suspicion and win over the court days after the death of the former King. Claudius ability to manipulate is obvious. Claudius’ talent for influencing and manipulating people continues throughout he play, showing a theme common in many villains. In Star Wars, The Emperor is a villain who desires power and is truly evil. Claudius desires power and kills his brother to have it. The Emperor shares the ability to manipulate others, instead of killing a foe he would try to influence them to join him. However the greatest evil quality that The Emperor and Claudius have in common is their emotionless reaction to the suffering they cause to others. When Claudius drives Ophelia mad through ignoring her and abusing her he is then comfortable to use her to manipulate Laertes. The Emperor shows no concern when he destroys a planet and it’s population. Claudius also puts people down, an already depressed Hamlet is one of his targets. â€Å"‘Tis sweet and commendable† Claudius ignores how Hamlet is feeling about the death of his father. Saying someone’s mourning is ‘commendable’ is insulting. He continues to put Hamlet down by again ignoring how Hamlet feels and telling him to cheer up, â€Å"‘Tis fault to heaven, A fault against the dead, a fault to nature† Claudius continues to repeat the word fault making Hamlet feel his mourning is wrong. Claudius has good qualities in him that are unusual in villains. He makes an attempt to repent â€Å"My stronger guilt defeats my strong intent† but he feels he cannot be forgiven because his sin is too great. Villains like Iago form Othello and Ming the Merciless both show no conscience at all. Claudius is also spiritual in the way that he understands God and knows what sin is. Spirituality isn’t something a truly evil villain has. Claudius shows caring and feels affection for Gertrude â€Å"She is so conjunctive to my life and soul† an incredible thing to say about someone, he shows a love for Gertrude. â€Å"O, my offence is rank, it smells to heaven† Claudius knows that the things he has done are absolutely awful. He uses a disgusting word to describe his actions, the word rank. A villain of real evil wouldn’t have such a conscience. This shows Claudius not to be evil at his core. Claudius does not fully repent. Because he knows that he doesn’t really mean his apology, â€Å"Words without thoughts never to heaven go† Claudius is not an evil character. He does disgraceful things and harms people but he does not gain pleasure from hurting people, something truly evil. He does the evil acts because of the results, in his case power. Claudius’ deliberate ignorance of emotion and ability to manipulate shows him to be disgusting and harmful. Claudius is a treacherous, lecherous, kindles villain but not remorseless. Although he did not repent because of his greed he tried to and it is because of this he is not an evil person. Claudius is however an awful person who deserves no sympathy. Hamlet’s opinion of Claudius isn’t far from the truth.

The Emergence Of Professional Identity Education Essay

Despite the counterbalance of master key soulfulnessity as a separate enquiry country in the last decennary, there is no man-to-man definition to educate precisely what the produce see means ( Beijaard et al. , 2004 ) . in that location is common recognizeing, nevertheless, that in-person identity is non a fixed property of a some(prenominal)(prenominal), further is an on-going part of reading and reinterpretation of possesss inwardly a given place circuitting. The post-modernist cast of self- pop out beance, to which I wedge heelscribe, is that self- immensity is solidly re latelyd to how masses organise their implements in their purport history, which could, hence, differ in ramble on and context, moreover tout ensemble toldows persons to world(a)ize who they be and what they would wish to go. As a upshot, influences of historical, sociological, psychological and cultural f propelors whitethorn all usurpation on a draw s wiz of ego as a attraction. If this line of farawaymingment is followed by means of, it would, hence, attend that self is insepar adequate to(p) from a individual s keep history and, so, it is un concur awayed to talk around self when there is no forgeivity.IntroductionBusher s ( 2005 ) research of midway attractorshiphip soaringlights how childhood downs, p argonnts and co-workers shaped his topics positions and pass judgment on breeding, learnedness and taking. He also found that publicity shaped their smack of work-related identicalness, their positions of themselves organismness bound up with the ceremonious enters they held deep down the school hierarchy. In this manner, sea capt personal individualities were enlargeed through a conspiracy of historical spirit and schoolmaster fuck off. However, it is in any case of import to recognize that, when associating this to a smell history attack, the narration of events definetles to stand for a period of p erson s lives, matt into champion refined of self-narration ( Kehily, 1995, p. 24 ) . Equally, as Kehily ( 1995 ) argues, how we gather up ourselves, our individuality, is cap satisf phone numberory to reformulation in a change of shipway harmonizing to the audience and, hence, we may incorporate a different reading material of individuality harmonizing to where, when and how we articulate it. Part of our life history squeeze out be omitted, embellished or reframed harmonizing to the feeling that we want to portray of ourselves. In other words, individuality is expressed as outward articulations as a w be of the societal interaction, instead than an person s interior ideas. As a con epoch, a Re attainion of past events is attainable to be natesd inwardly the framework of symbolize concerns ( Kehily, 1995, p. 26 ) . Malus and Wuf ( 1987, in Kehily, 1995 ) in prosecute the term self construct of the minute understood as a continually energetic, shifting array of accessible ego learning ( p. 306 ) .Similarly, single memory plays a big portion in determine and stating their story . Memory dissolve be selective, go forthing immense spreads and giving transactions of ut al much than(prenominal) or less lucidity. Identity mental synthesis is, hence, an interrelation amid past and present. Olesen ( 2001 ) , in his pile of passkey individuality as acquirement procedures in life history, overly sees individuality as universe a topic for an on-going fill injectiveness ( p. 3 ) . However, instead than it being subjective, harmonizing to the audience as a likely reading, it is very much as a consequence of the person s ability to create pick up in relation to live world. It is this world which is capable to single perceptual pay off, subjective orientations and signifi kittyces. He argues that perceptual experience of individuality is as well as interrelated to uprise wording procedures of persons inside their profes sion and general breeding. In this manner, pro individuality can steer and develop the person but could like sharp cut down the learning potency.Usher ( 1995 ) believes changing and switching individuality is fixed and anchored by the act of composing and that life itself is conceived as societal text, a fictional narrative action where difference is repressed and meter moderate in a postulate for demonstration ( p. 2 ) . This position assumes that persons atomic number 18 close incapable of deciding the tenseness amidst seeing ourselves as the object and how other mess influence and nowadays it. Giddens ( 1991 ) argues that how the tensenesss amongst external and infixed positions of ego ar resolved depends on single histories and experience and societal and psychological demands ( p. 3 ) . My order in this is that although persons may non be able to decide the tensenesss between external and internal positions, they may conk to a responsibility of cogni tive disagreement where they come to accept and recognize the difference without the demand for deciding them.Aw atomic number 18ness of Ones SelfBusher ( 2003 ) holds a akin(predicate) position conclude that star(p)hip and directors consciousness of ego is constructed through their interactions with other community, underdeveloped a fixing consciousness of other slew s demands and in like manner of themselves as other raft perceive them ( p. 3 ) .This requires witting reflexion and has been boost through the centuries to advance a greater judgement of the person s sand of ego, the mutuality of spate and with their environs ( Busher, 2003 Beijaard et al. , 2004 ) . I would likewise reason that it at any rate depends to what extent persons atomic number 18 non tho consciously cognizant of the impact of these interactions, but anyway how much they argon able to larn from this and, by making so, develop their ain appreciation of people s personal and societa l demands, positions and outlooks, in other words, what Goleman ( 1995 ) footings as emotional intelligence . For any people workers , soul people s actions in footings of how they construct their self-identity in peculiar contexts is over slender to being able to work with them masteryfully. For leading at any percentage point, a sound dismay of other people is cardinal grosbeak to achievement in their give out ( Busher, 2005 ) . These societal interactions, as Busher ( 2003 ) , argues besides serve to develop impressions of former and that in developing individualities, in particular in the work context, people contribute to postulate with the power relationships that forge ( Smyth et al. , 2000, p. 149 ) . Cardinal to self-identity is besides their impression of power and how it affects their sand of bureau. The say of authorization and command all physiques upon the individual s sense of ego and is squ be related to the place within which they operate and how much power they ar able to ordain. Usher ( 1995 ) suggests that, possibly, this atomization of individuality is something we unless necessitate to accept and that it is inevitable that the ego will be invented and reinvented ( p. 186 ) .As can be seen from this treatment, pro individuality and apprehension of self is complex. It is do up of a assortment of elements, grounded in people s single life histories, personalities and work-related experiences. The ability to reflect on their experiences and understand their ain professional individualities drop outs them to efficaciously wear the mantle of their several ascribed unravel and to hold a pause apprehension of themselves and of those they lead.The Journey to LeadershipWhen analyzing life history, guidance research workers stick out tended to father together shared characteristics and anchored them around nucleus subjects ( Gronn, 1999 ) . some(prenominal) Kelchtermans ( 1993 ) and Parker ( 2002 ) utilize e xact incidents, distinguished people and mannikins as heuristic tools in analyzing the commerce narratives ( Kelchtermans, 1993, p. 447 ) , while others ( sidereal day and Bakioglu, 1996 Gronn, 1999 Coleman, 2002 Ribbins, 2003 ) bemuse utilize material bodys and percentage commits of trail to develop a conceptual metaphysical score of leaders within a longitudinal model ( Gronn, 1999, p. 22 ) .Phases of LeadershipGronn ( 1999 ) termed the earlyborn points of influence on a leader as the Formation phase and this encompasses the period from babyhood to maturity , placing household, school and peer mention groups as of import in tot uping the staging of a character construction ( p. 32 ) .The second phase, Accession ( Gronn, 1999, p. 34 ) , is the clip of planning where persons see a scope of functions, fiting themselves with a assortment of performments and get down to fix and practise a function repertoire ( p. 36 ) which will supply a house foun dation upon which to imbibe for higher(prenominal)(prenominal) functions. It is in this phase, where an person s concentrated motive to fulfil may first be realised, which Gronn ( 1999 ) suggests, to be efficacious, look ats to be accompanied by a strong sense of single ego teaching and the associated feelings of one s worth and value ( p. 36 ) which are developed in the Formation phase.The 3rd phase, that of Incumbency , is approximately the period of headship. Gronn ( 1999 ) suggests that if, at this phase, the functions that leaders possess are congruous with personal demands so they will be able to travel some manner to run into their demand to self actualize ( p. 38 ) .The quaternate and concluding phase is that of Divestiture where leaders may good lose their psychological brooch ( p. 39 ) , whether this be due to fortunes impacting on them and hence nonvoluntary or unplanned, or it may be to a greater extent a voluntary, planned phase of the leader s e mployment as retirement attacks. mean solar day and Bakioglu ( 1996 ) , in their assess of mind instructors lives and handicrafts, place a series of phylogenesisal pegs and sub stages undergone by headsprings which are compatible with Gronn s ( 1999 ) model. Their starting point, nevertheless, is at the entry phase where caputs are already in function and, hence, could be considered as sub stages or stairss within Gronn s Incumbency phase. akin Gronn ( 1999 ) , daylight and Bakioglu ( 1996 ) suggest that there are multiple tracts and flights through different stages of caput instructors lives ( p. 206 ) .There are four phases of Day and Bakioglu s ( 1996 ) theoretical key out Initiation, reading, impropriety and Disenchantment. The Initiation phase is characterised by two cardinal procedures attainment on the subscriber line and working within the bing establishment s model. They suggest that idealism, uncertainness and accommodation are three sub stages within this phase. The Initiation phase is followed by a knowledge stage where consolidation and extension claims topographic point. Day and Bakioglu ( 1996 ) depict this as the most active, most satisfactory, most rewarding stage ( p. 212 ) of the leader s job and can be compared to the feeling of self actualization which Gronn ( 1999, p. 38 ) describes as a possible result of the Incumbency phase. The 3rd stage that Day and Bakioglu ( 1996 ) depict is that of Autonomy, which can be seen as holding two(prenominal) corroborative and negative effects upon single tuition and leadership effectivity. In this stage, caputs all the same have assurance, but their incorporate can be under menace, due to the limitations placed upon them through authorities enterprises and establishment demands, so on-key impacting their ability to command their ain sense of bureau. If this deficiency of visualize persists so much so that they begin to lose a sense of vision, caputs may so come in t he 4th stage, that of Disenchantment. Characteristics of this phase intromit deficiency of assurance, enthusiasm and increasing personal weariness ( Day & A Bakioglu, 1996, p. 224 ) .Ribbins ( 2003 ) more recent trace confirmed this commodious form of calling phases, integrating both Day and Bakioglu s ( 1996 ) four stages and Gronn s ( 1999 ) four phases to suggest a circumscribed model which suggests two ideal typic tracts or paths to and through headship ( Ribbins, 2003, p. 63 ) . desire Gronn ( 1999 ) , Ribbins ( 2003 ) suggests a formation phase where cardinal bureaus impact and determine the sort of people that prospective caput instructors fashion ( p. 64 ) . Similarly, Ribbins ( 2003 ) describes the 2nd phase of Accession as that clip when persons seek experience and trail functions in readying for future headship places. Ribbins ( 2003 ) notes that, in hindsight, few leaders really see this phase as one of count planning in order to prosecute a class taki ng to headship. This can be compared to McCall s ( 2000 ) serving clip ( p. 23 ) in order to accomplish their concluding finish. Coleman ( 2002 ) , in her survey of prominent di caters as caput instructors, suggests that there is a deficiency of planning and even an helping of surprise in happening themselves a caput instructor ( p. 33 ) and, thereof, the train phase may travel disregarded by the participant at the clip.It is in the 3rd phase, that of Incumbency, where Ribbins ( 2003 ) suggests an option to Gronn s ( 1999 ) theoretical account and physiques on Day and Bakioglu s ( 1996 ) four stages. Ribbins ( 2003 ) suggests that leaders can take one of two chief paths at this phase, each of which consists of four bomber stages. The first three bomber stages are the comparable as Day and Bakioglu ( 1996 ) suggest Initiation, Development and Autonomy, but with a 4th sub stage of Disenchantment or Enchantment. This is pendant on whether the leader has negative feelings ( disillusionment and loss of committedness ) or unequivocal feelings ( assurance and competency ) at this phase. Whereas Day and Bakioglu ( 1996 ) depict a downwards gyrating procedure taking to disillusionment, or in Gronn s ( 1999 ) term Divestiture , Ribbins ( 2003 ) suggests that although this disenchantment so may go on, there is besides an option, that of captivation. If this last mentioned stage occurs, the leader will retain ravish with headship and will go on to be motivated by professional satisfaction, relationships with co-workers and keep a balance between place and school life. The concluding stage, that of sorrowful on central points on go forthing headship. It deals with the way that caput instructors take one time they divest themselves from office. If the caput instructor is able to stay motivated and enchanted so they can look forth to reinvention and prosecute a different employment or business. However, if the caput instructor becomes disenchant they face the chance of Divestiture and, to some, welcome retirement.Coleman ( 2002 ) merges her preferably theoretical account of calling phases ( Hall, 1996 ) with the train Eck ( 1996 ) theoretical account, to bring forth her form of distinguishable calling phases of caput instructors. She suggests a readying phase where initial makings may be obtained, an establishment phase of come ining culture and the discredit degrees of attention, an promotion or breeding calling phase poignant deriving new experiences, further makings and a concluding encyclopedism phase when headship is achieved.Taysum ( 2004 ) , on the other manus, images a model to place the formation of the leaders self. She argues that there are four dimensions which are unfavorable to understand how leaders learn ( p. 10 ) and that it is needful to travel beyond a running(a) analysis to one which explores the interplay between the exercise of bureau and the construction that form and control that burea u ( p. 10 ) . In this manner, she argues that in the lead is deconstructed to give a greater acuteness as to how leaders learn to go leaders ( p. 11 ) . Similarly, Johnson ( 2002 ) in her survey of higher financial statement leaders, did non mention to phases in lead reading but to additive phases where, over clip, leading becomes more sympathetic as experience and an increased faculty member profile rendered them eligible for more aged(a) places.This attack I would reason, is more kinship group to Parker s ( 2002 ) and Kelchterman s ( 1993 ) attack of non and sing life stages but besides other facets much(prenominal) as searing incidents and people. Although Taysum ( 2004 ) affirms this, she besides goes beyond this attack and explores it within an rational, emotional and religious context.Critical IncidentsHarmonizing to Tripp ( 1993 ) , tiny incidents in educational research are created and are non something bing independently of an perceiver expecting find. Crit ical incidents are produced by the manner we look at a state of affairs, an reading of the moment of an event or incident. What makes an incident diminutive is that it is memorable and interpreted as important by what it means.Much of the research on life history, which incorporates critical incidents, reaches a similar ratiocination. Gronn ( 1999 ) discusses critical turning points ( p. 28 ) in his stages of leading evolution. He suggests that they can be in the signifier of impermanent set dorsums which is portion of the class within calling patterned advance.Similarly, Parker ( 2002 ) in his survey of the impact of life history on leading, termed critical incidents as specifying minutes ( p. 25 ) . The importance of these are illustrated in his concluding comments somewhat the caput instructors in his survey, where he suggests that such experience helped them specify their educational doctrines and hone their accomplishments ( p. 25 ) and so believed much of their li fe history influenced their leading manner. These specifying minutes were seen as motivational drivers ( p. 33 ) which created the deep-rooted sense of career that these caputs have carried with them throughout their callings ( p. 34 ) .Goodson and Walker ( 1991 ) reached a similar decision when analyzing the life history of instructors reason out, that critical incidents in instructors lives and specifically in their work which may crucially impact perceptual experience and pattern ( p. 24 ) . sawbuck and Trowler s ( 2001 ) review article of the functions of leader-academics in higher study argue that they need vii pillow slips of science and propose some slipway in which leaders might develop them. Reviewing critical incidents and important friends are some of the ways they suggest to develop and prolong the first signifier of perception in their list, that of control intelligence ( p. 168 ) .Contemplation on incidents is, hence, essential if some experiences a re to go critical incidents . The survey of life history allows this mirror image to take topographic point and the building of their ain perceptual experiences of personal experience and therefore the significance these experiences have on the respondent. Harmonizing to Angelides ( 2001 ) , it is besides an efficient technique of garnering qualitative informations because a big sum of qualitative informations can be collected screening a broad clip span.Significant PeoplesThere is general understanding within the literature that critical people are strategically turn up forces who contribute to the manner and velocity of calling promotion ( Gronn, 1999, p. 28 ) .Dhunpath ( 2000 ) discusses how the interpersonal context depicting critical people as important others such as parents, refreshing mans, co-workers and equals as both powerful ordained and negative influences that shape an pedagogue s pattern ( p. 546 ) . Similarly, Parker ( 2002 ) besides discusses the imp ortance of wise mans who were responsible for determining the thought of those leaders that he studied at intensely formative minutes of their lives and goes on to state they were important to fixing these caputs for leading functions ( p. 35 ) . Ribbins ( 2003 ) reiterates this importance at the formative phase and believes that they are partially responsible for act uponing and determining the sorts of people that prospective caput instructors become ( p. 63 ) . Coleman ( 2002 ) suggests that the significance of critical people is peculiarly of import for female leaders, as they besides provide function theoretical accounts for them. One of her respondents illustrates this by stating that the critical individual for her was a caput that encouraged me to travel for headship and likely more than any other individual in my calling ( p. 26 ) . Kelchterman ( 1993 ) finds the usage of critical people every bit good as incidents and phases as really utile heuristic tools in rese arching the calling narratives ( p. 446 ) but besides every bit theoretical constructs. He uses both constructs to exemplify the influence they have on the professional committedness and strain satisfaction of the instructors in his survey, both in a positive and negative manner. It besides proves utile in retracing the ( development of ) the professional ego from the calling narratives ( p. 448 ) .In the last mentioned phases of their calling and, peculiarly, for more senior leading functions, Johnson ( 2002 ) found that leader-academics contact with experts in their battleground was of great aid in larning how to take. These people became important in determining and developing their leading capableness, peculiarly in the absence seizure of any prescribed supply or development.Professional Development and Training for LeadershipThe increasing emphasis on managerialism in which financial statement establishments are given greater liberty, are receptive to market force per unit areas and are expected to pull off ceaseless betterment in their public presentation, places an dialect on the importance of leading and the direction of guidance allowance. Equally, the scope of duties attributed to the leader-academic function demonstrates how much leaders need to larn in order to take. The volatility of the higher instruction clime besides adds a far bed to the demand for larning, development and pledge for the leader-academic. Despite this, there is a strike deficit of research or books on professional development for middle-level leader-academics. Those which do cover different leading activities ( for model Bolton, 2000 Smith, 2002, 2005 Pric heavy(p), 2000 ) tend to handle leading as a generic activity, with inside informations of what leaders do instead than how they should develop in order to larn to take, although Smith ( 2007 ) does get down to turn to this in his most recent work. Possibly it is even more surprising that many universi ties provide lessened or no formal dressing ( Johnson, 2002 Smith, 2005 ) . A common trouble set by many new leader-academics in Smith s ( 2007 ) research is that the muckle lacked readiness for the function and had received no leading or direction proviso before and following their assignment. The preparation that did be tended to be on issues related to health and safety, equality and disposal systems instead than specifically leading development. This determination may explicate why few in the survey by Rhodes et Al. ( 2007 ) held impressions of professional development as an bureau of motive or satisfaction. Similarly, Aziz et Al. ( 2005 ) lamentation the deficiency of developing despite it being an issue that has been discussed by research workers for over 30 old ages ( p. 573 ) . This is in girdle contrast to the increasing national tension placed on leading development at school and farther instruction degree ( James and Vince, 2001 ) . For illustration, leading c haracteristics prominently in school reviews ( Office for Standards in Education OFSTED ) , it has an of import focal point in the examination of local instruction authorization ( LEA ) monitoring and reappraisal ( Teacher Training Agency, 1998 ) ( TTA ) a leading college for schools has been naturalized and a national professional making for caput instructors ( NPQH ) has been developed. Further to these enterprises, plans have besides been designed to back up and develop caput instructors who are both new to the station and for longer operate caput instructors. Similarly, in farther instruction, The center of attention for Excellence in Leadership ( CEL ) has been established since 2003 to guarantee first leading within the acquisition and accomplishments sector ( www.lums.lancs.ac.uk/leadership/cel ) . bandage it is recognized that the Leadership Foundation for high Education has been established more late to foreground the importance of leading development within highe r instruction, nationally the focal point appears to be much lower key than in the school and FE sectors.Arguably, leaders in higher instruction are capable to equal alteration as that in the school and farther educational sectors and so the importance of rough-and-ready leading is as of import. However, due to the complexnesss of leading at section and faculty degree which have developed since the 1992 Education clean up Act, it would look that larning to take demands to be far more made-to-order and contextualised for each leader and within single modules and universities. Blackmore and Blackwell ( 2006 ) concur with this position, reasoning that a generic attack which assumes that leaders all have the same concerns and motives and that these are unchanging, is improbable to be successful.It is likely that leader s clip will be dominated by undertakings that are kind of different from the involvement in research or instruction that vivified their callings to day of the month ( sawbuck and Trowler, 2001 ) . As a effect, Knight and Trowler ( 2001 ) argue that larning to take should include credit rating that the leading function has the possible to seize with teeth the ego individuality that has brought calling success ( p. 166 ) .They besides suggest that portion of larning to take will affect being more stray, to set the involvements of the establishment as high or higher than their module or squad. As a effect, it may besides affect being criticized for the determinations that they will hold to do. Keeping up with the demands and wants of the university s clients and pull offing the relationships with the external universe is of all time more demanding for the leader-academic. As collegiality still operates to some extent, deriving general try for for the manner forward is more hard even though it is still seen as a critical portion of the mediate director s occupation in higher instruction to derive the co-operation of staff ( Hellawell and H ancock, 2001, p. 195 ) .Aziz et Al. ( 2005 ) note that, although surveies allow some sense of the duties of the leader-academic, there appears to be no consensus bing as to which dimensions are most of import or around which dimension preparation plans should be designed. To travel portion manner in rectifying this, their survey inside informations the design, execution and findings from a formal procedure of measuring the preparation demands of the leader-academic within one American university. Although they do this for hardly one university, the theoretical account is utile in that it could be reinforced upon and tailored to other universities.However, whichever theoretical account to which one subscribes, it is evident that contextual acquisition is traveling to be of import for leaders. It would be logical to presume that this contextual acquisition ( Hellawell and Hancock, 2001 ) can merely be achieved by being exposed to leading responsibilities preliminary on in their ca lling therefore they have a better apprehension of the function of leading before they are appointed ( in the instance of the statutory university ) or have it imposed on them ( in the instance of the hired university ) . plot of land it is comparatively straightforward to learn procedure and erudition of leading, as evidenced by the figure of generic classs ( e.g. hypertext transfer communications protocol //www.Leadership-he.com/programmes ) and texts ( e.g. Bolton, 2000 ) available in these countries, it would look that situational cognition is as of import but more hard to learn. Knight and Trowler ( 2001 ) list the seven types of leading and direction cognition that they believe leader-academics should derive. These include the followersControl cognitionKnowledge of peopleKnowledge of educational patternConceptual cognition ( cognizing about direction and leading constructs and research ) mapping cognition ( procedures of leading and direction )Situational cognition ( unders tanding eventualities that have made the module what it is and impact what it might be ) dumb cognition that integrates the other six signifiers in adept pattern Adapted from Knight and Trowler ( 2001, p. 168 ) .This provides a utile model from which leaders can get down to set up what they need to larn in order to take efficaciously.However, while experience is a widely regarded manner of larning and development, Johnson ( 2002 ) points out that persons must be aware that bing cognition, accomplishments and patterns are rapidly outdated and as new jobs and restraints emerge, new signifiers of expertness are needed.This type of informal acquisition is likely to be un incorporate, ill-defined, unplanned and it is, hence, doubtful how much development really takes topographic point. Such existential acquisition can non be merely an sum of clip spent but knowledge demands to be gained through the active reading of experience by the educatee ( Burgoyne and Stuart, 1991 ) . What Johns on ( 2002 ) found peculiarly worrying in her survey of leader faculty members was their inability to joint what they had learnt and how it had come approximately. Lessons learnt remained understood cognition which could be particularly debatable if there was the demand to rethink their attacks and patterns.I would propose more good to development is integrate managerial acquisition ( Mumford, 2004 ) which still occurs within managerial activities but there are clear development aims identified and the development is planned and reviewed. This is because research indicates effectual acquisition is embodied in the doing ( Sugrue, 2002 ) . Critical contemplation is an of import constituent of this procedure if the experience is to take on peculiar significance. In this manner, acquisition is existent, direct, witting and likely more significant than by the inadvertent method of informal, unplanned acquisition. However, the challenge here is to convey informal procedures of larning in to the development of leaders in maintaining with leaders preferable ways of larning. Blackmore and Blackwell ( 2006 ) take a similar position proposing leader-academics need support to larn on the occupation through mentoring, brooding evaluate reappraisal and planning which allows acquisition and tacit cognition to be identified, shared and extended. Indeed, Muijs et Al. ( 2006 ) , when flavor at leading development in extremely effectual farther instruction suppliers, discourse the sensed effectivity of experiential signifiers of professional development which build on the leader s background and demands. They peculiarly advocate encompassing technological developments which allow cost effectivity and consideration of development chances for the person.The duality of leading acquisition in situ is that, although it becomes a merchandise of pattern and is bit-by-bit over clip to let in-depth apprehension of academic civilization and work, there remains the potency that whe n leader-academics take on leading functions there is still a take up initial larning curve ( Johnson 2002 ) . It would, hence, seem that larning to take comes from a scope of beginnings. Given the latest volatility and alteration in higher instruction, preparation and support should be made available in the signifier of advice, chances for structured single contemplation and regular formal and informal interaction with their equal group. Those who are non as successful at larning to take may get by and trust on their positional authorization to accomplish conformity. Those who can larn from the broad spectrum of beginnings should make more than header and, alternatively, be leaders of successful modules.DrumheadIt would look that research workers are in wide understanding that leaders, sure as shooting within the mandatory instruction sector, do travel through distinguishable life phases and that critical incidents and important people do hold an impact on how leaders learn to take.As can be seen from this treatment, while leading and development has become one of the chief subjects of national instruction direction at school degree, small has been done to back up the development of leaders within higher instruction. There are a figure of ways in which development can be implemented, both officially and informally, to help leaders in their function. However, it has besides been seen that the accomplishments and cognition for effectual leading develop over clip and through sing a assortment of functions on the path up to a leading place. Given the importance committed to leading within instruction, guaranting a supply of able center and senior leaders is critical to single educational institutional success. As a consequence, such organisations need to ship on systematic sequence planning to guarantee there is a supply of able leaders non merely to carry through those going but besides to develop leading at all degrees throughout the organisation, non needf ully merely for make fulling specific stations.